Search results for "Animal species"
showing 10 items of 17 documents
The Influence of Collective Behavior on Pacing in Endurance Competitions
2015
A number of theoretical models have been proposed in recent years to explain pacing strategies observed in individual competitive endurance events. These have typically related to the internal regulatory processes that inform the making of decisions relating to muscular work rate. Despite a substantial body of research which has investigated the influence of collective group dynamics on individual behaviors in various animal species, this issue has not been comprehensively studied in individual athletic events. This is somewhat surprising given that athletes often directly compete in close proximity to one another, and that collective behavior has also been observed in other human environme…
Different World Views
2010
When we study communication systems in other animal species, we are led to the conclusion that extraterrestrial intelligent beings are likely to have systems of communication similar to the human one in at least some aspects. That is to say, communication is accomplished by means of the combination of certain information elements playing a role analogous to words, or that the system is a symbolic language (or even both things simultaneously). But in communication, it is also very important how information is transmitted (pictorially, by means of ideograms, letters, etc.), which is going to be strongly determined by the species’specific perception of the world.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF DRUG METABOLISM
1977
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the developmental aspects of drug metabolism and those of other biological phenomena that are twofold. Development is described by examining various species of different levels of biological evolution or by studying the ontogenetic evolvement of the features in question in one animal species or groups of related species. A review on diene-organochlorine insecticides epitomizes the fact that insects, birds, and fish possess the enzymatic mechanisms for epoxidation of these insecticides to only a slightly less degree than do mammals. Thus, the ability to oxidize foreign compounds does not seem to be restricted to animals of higher organization, and con…
Microseparation techniques for the study of the enantioselectivity of drug-plasma protein binding.
2009
Stereoselectivity in protein binding can have a significant effect on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of chiral drugs. The investigation of enantioselectivity of drugs in their binding with human plasma proteins and the identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the stereodiscrimination by the proteins represent a great challenge for clinical pharmacology. In this review, the separation techniques used for enantioselective protein binding experiments are described and compared. An overview of studies on enantiomer–protein interactions, enantiomer–enantiomer interactions as well as chiral drug–drug interactions, including allosteric effects, is presented. The c…
Refuting the challenges of the developmental shift of polarity of GABA actions: GABA more exciting than ever!
2012
International audience; During brain development, there is a progressive reduction of intracellular chloride associated with a shift in GABA polarity: GABA depolarizes and occasionally excites immature neurons, subsequently hyperpolarizing them at later stages of development. This sequence, which has been observed in a wide range of animal species, brain structures and preparations, is thought to play an important role in activity-dependent formation and modulation of functional circuits. This sequence has also been considerably reinforced recently with new data pointing to an evolutionary preserved rule. In a recent ``Hypothesis and Theory Article,'' the excitatory action of GABA in early …
In vitro sulfonation of 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives in liver cytosol of human and six animal species
2020
Sulfonation is an important high affinity elimination pathway for phenolic compounds.In this study sulfonation of 7-hydroxycoumarin and 13 its derivatives were evaluated in liver cytosols of human and six animal species. 7-hydroxycoumarin and its derivatives are strongly fluorescent, and their sulfate conjugates are nonfluorescent at excitation 405 nm and emission 460 nm. A convenient fluorescence based kinetic assay of sulfonation was established.The sulfonation rate of most of the 7-hydroxycoumarin derivatives was low in liver cytosol of human and pig, whereas it was high with most compounds in dog and intermediate in rat, mouse, rabbit, and sheep. Sulfonation of the 7-hydroxycoumarin der…
El control de plagas en ambientes urbanos: criterios básicos para un diseño racional de los programas de control
2007
Josefa Moreno Marí, María Teresa Oltra Moscardó, José Vicente Falcó Garí y Ricardo Jiménez Peydró (josefa.moreno@uv.es) El objetivo del control de plagas urbanas es la mejora del bienestar de los residentes urbanos, la reducción de las enfermedades transmisibles, el mantenimiento de ambientes sanos, la creación de infraestructuras urbanas que reduzcan los riesgos, así como la reducción de la exposición a contaminantes biológicos, físicos y químicos y de sus efectos sobre la salud en el ambiente laboral y en la comunidad. En este sentido, y en relación con el control de plagas, es necesario diseñar programas de control adecuados contra aquellas especies que adquieren la consideración de plag…
Women Live Longer than Men: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms Offers Opportunities to Intervene by Using Estrogenic Compounds
2010
Abstract Women live longer than men. Moreover, females live longer than males in some, but not all, experimental animals. The differences in longevity between genders are related to free radical production. Indeed, females produce less radicals only in animal species in which they live longer than males. This is because estrogens upregulate antioxidant longevity-related genes. These considerations have led us to postulate an extended concept of antioxidant in biology: an antioxidant is any nutritional, physiological, or pharmacological manipulation that increases the expression and activity of antioxidant genes or proteins. Phytoestrogens or other selective estrogen receptor modulators lowe…
CASA-Mot technology: how results are affected by the frame rate and counting chamber.
2017
For over 30 years, CASA-Mot technology has been used for kinematic analysis of sperm motility in different mammalian species, but insufficient attention has been paid to the technical limitations of commercial computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) systems. Counting chamber type and frame rate are two of the most important aspects to be taken into account. Counting chambers can be disposable or reusable, with different depths. In human semen analysis, reusable chambers with a depth of 10 µm are the most frequently used, whereas for most farm animal species it is more common to use disposable chambers with a depth of 20 µm . The frame rate was previously limited by the hardware, although chang…
Characteristics of the spermathecal contents of old and young honeybee queens.
2009
Sperm are often stored, for a long time after mating, in females of various animal species. In case of the queen honeybee (Apis mellifera), sperm remain fertile for several years in the spermatheca. Little information is available regarding the effect of long-term storage of sperm on its fertility. To evaluate this, enzymes and/or sperm have been analysed from the spermatheca of 75 queens of various ages (0 year Y0, n=14; one year Y1, n=14; two years Y2, n=7; virgin queen VQ, n=40) and semen samples have been taken from 46 drones. The sperm from the spermatheca of older queens move more slowly (F=11.45, P < 0.0001) and show different movement patterns (Chi2=90.0, P < 0.0001) from those of t…